{"id":243,"date":"2013-07-09T08:04:05","date_gmt":"2013-07-09T08:04:05","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/phonetics.livecodehosting.com\/wp2\/?page_id=243"},"modified":"2016-11-25T07:29:24","modified_gmt":"2016-11-24T18:29:24","slug":"rules","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/phonetics.livecodehosting.com\/wp2\/rules\/","title":{"rendered":"Rules"},"content":{"rendered":"

This was written by Ben Piscopo, whose website can be found here<\/a>.<\/em><\/p>\n

He speaks English with a standard American accent.<\/em><\/p>\n

Glottal Stops<\/h4>\n

Standard glottal stops occur with a physical stopping\/blocking of sound.\u00a0For example, \u201cnight\u201d becomes nait<\/span>, or more natively\u00a0nai\u201b<\/span>. Notice how the \u201ct\u201d is stopped? This is very common among words ending with t.<\/p>\n

Other endings include:<\/p>\n

Diphthongs<\/strong>: \u201cmight\u201d becomes\u00a0mait<\/span>, or \u00a0mai\u201b<\/span><\/p>\n

Long vowels<\/strong>: \u00a0US \u2013 \u201cbought\u201d becomes\u00a0baat<\/span>, or\u00a0baa\u201b<\/span>
\nUK- \u201cbought\u201d becomes\u00a0boot<\/span>, or\u00a0boo\u201b<\/span><\/p>\n

Short vowels<\/strong>: \u00a0US \u2013 \u201cforget\u201d becomes\u00a0f\u201brget<\/span>, or\u00a0f\u201brge\u00a0<\/span>(no apostrophe needed after short vowels)
\nUK \u2013 \u201cforget\u201d becomes\u00a0f\u0259get<\/strong><\/span>, or\u00a0f\u0259<\/span>ge<\/strong><\/span>\u00a0(no apostrophe needed after short vowels)<\/p>\n

Consonants<\/strong>: US \u2013 \u201cshort\u201d becomes\u00a0\u0283o\u201brt<\/span>, or\u00a0\u0283o\u201br\u201b<\/span><\/p>\n

*Notice how the apostrophe could follow a vowel or a consonant.<\/p>\n

Liaison changes a dark ending<\/h4>\n

A common expression like \u201cin a minute\u201d is written \/i\u201bn\/ \/\u0259\/ \/minit\/, but natively pronounced\u00a0in-\u0259 mi\u201bn<\/strong>i<\/span>. Notice how\u00a0i\u201bn<\/span>\u00a0becomes\u00a0in<\/span>\u00a0when liaison happens. That means the second syllable is stressed beginning with\u00a0n<\/span>,\u00a0bridging the two syllables. Remember, dark sounds ALWAYS end syllables and never begin syllables.<\/p>\n

Other examples:<\/p>\n

\u201cstop it\u201d \u00a0UK \u00a0sto<\/strong>p-it<\/span>, or\u00a0sto<\/strong>p-i<\/span> \u00a0\u00a0\u00a0US\u00a0staa<\/strong>p-it<\/span>, or\u00a0staa<\/strong>p-i<\/span>
\n\u201cits a\u2026\u201d \u00a0\u00a0its-\u0259<\/span>
\n\u201d this is a\u201d \u00a0\u00f0is-iz-\u0259<\/span><\/p>\n

Dots for non-hiatus situations<\/h4>\n

You should already be aware of the \u201cforgotten\u201d example, which is \u00a0f\u201brgaa\u201b<\/strong>\u00b7\u201bn<\/span>\u00a0in the US accent. In this case, the apostrophe after\u00a0gaa<\/span>\u00a0creates a glottal stop. The dot separates the glottal stop from the dark sound\u00a0\u201bn<\/span>. Without the apostrophe and dot it would sound like\u00a0gaa\u201bn<\/span>, which expresses the sound of the word \u201cgone\u201d.<\/p>\n

Here are some other examples in the US accent:<\/p>\n

\u201ccotton\u201d becomes\u00a0kaat\u201bn<\/span>\u00a0or\u00a0kaa\u201b\u00b7\u201bn<\/span>.<\/p>\n

\u201capartments\u201d becomes\u00a0\u0259paa\u201br\u201b\u00b7m\u201bnts<\/span>. Without an s it looks like this:\u00a0\u0259paa\u201br\u201b\u00b7m\u201bn<\/span>\u201b.<\/p>\n

\u201cfluently\u201d becomes\u00a0fluu\u00b7i\u201bn\u201b\u00b7lii<\/span>.<\/p>\n

<\/h4>\n

Using y and w glides<\/h4>\n

Long and Short Vowels with Dark R<\/h4>\n

In order to create consistency in S4, the following comparisons show when it is appropriate to use short and long vowels with dark-r.<\/p>\n

1)\u00a0o\u201br<\/span>\u00a0for US and\u00a0oo<\/span>\u00a0for UK in words using \/\u0254\/ with dark-r.\u00a0oo<\/span>\u00a0does not exist in the US accent. oo\u201br<\/span>\u00a0is just an\u00a0exaggeration\u00a0of\u00a0o\u201br<\/span>.
\n[word] [US] and [UK]
\nfork,\u00a0fo\u201brk<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0fook<\/span>
\nshort,\u00a0\u0283o\u201brt<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0\u0283oot<\/span>
\nhorse,\u00a0ho\u201brs<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0hoos<\/span>
\nsword,\u00a0so\u201brd<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0sood<\/span>
\nor,\u00a0o\u201br<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0oo<\/span><\/div>\n
false,\u00a0faa\u201bls<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0foo\u201bls<\/span>
\nball,\u00a0baa\u201bl<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0\u00a0boo\u201bl<\/span>
\njaw,\u00a0d\u0292aa<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0d\u0292oo<\/span>
\nauthor,\u00a0aa<\/strong>\u00fe\u201br<\/span>\u00a0and oo<\/strong>\u00fe\u0259<\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
2)\u00a0\u0259\u201br<\/span> \u00a0or\u00a0\u201br<\/span>\u00a0for US and\u00a0\u0259\u0259<\/span>\u00a0for UK in words using\u00a0\u0259\u00a0with dark-r.\u00a0\u0259\u0259<\/span>\u00a0does not exist in the US accent.\u00a0\u0259\u0259\u201br<\/span>\u00a0is just an exaggeration of\u00a0\u0259\u201br<\/span>. The dark-r in the US accent is powerful here!
\n[word] [US] and [UK]
\nher,\u00a0h\u201br<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0h\u0259\u0259<\/span>
\nverb,\u00a0v\u201brb<\/span> \u00a0and\u00a0v\u0259\u0259b<\/span><\/div>\n
early,\u00a0\u201br<\/strong>lii<\/span> \u00a0and\u00a0\u0259\u0259\u201bl<\/strong><\/span>ii<\/span>
\ndirty,\u00a0d\u201br<\/span><\/strong>dii<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0d\u0259\u0259<\/strong>tii<\/span>
\nwork,\u00a0w\u201brk<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0w\u0259\u0259k<\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
3)\u00a0ii\u201br<\/span>\u00a0for US and\u00a0ii\u00b7\u0259<\/span>\u00a0for UK in words using\u00a0ii<\/span>\u00a0with dark-r.\u00a0i\u201br<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0i\u0259<\/span>\u00a0are just improper pronunciation. They represent accent mistakes.
\n[word] [US] and [UK]
\nfear,\u00a0fii\u201br<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0fii\u00b7\u0259<\/span>
\nbeer,\u00a0bii\u201br<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0bii\u00b7\u0259<\/span>
\nwe\u2019re,\u00a0wii\u201br<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0wii\u00b7\u0259<\/span><\/div>\n
4)\u00a0uu\u201br<\/span>\u00a0or\u00a0\u201br<\/span>\u00a0for US and\u00a0uu\u00b7\u0259<\/span>\u00a0for UK in words using uu<\/span> with dark-r. Like #3,\u00a0u\u201br<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0u\u0259<\/span>\u00a0are\u00a0just improper pronunciation. They represent accent mistakes.
\n[word] [US] and [UK]
\nsure,\u00a0\u0283uu\u201br<\/span>\/\u0283\u201br<\/span> \u00a0and\u00a0\u0283uu\u00b7\u0259<\/span>
\ncure,\u00a0kyuu\u201br<\/span>\/ky\u201br<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0kyuu\u00b7\u0259<\/span>
\nendure,\u00a0\u00a0i\u201bnduu\u201br<\/span>\/i\u201bnd\u201br<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0\u00a0i\u201bndyuu\u00b7\u0259<\/span>
\nmature,\u00a0m\u0259t\u0283uu<\/strong>\u201b<\/span>r\/m\u0259t\u0283<\/strong>\u201br<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0m\u0259t\u0283uu<\/strong>\u00b7\u0259<\/span>\/m\u0259t\u0283\u0259\u0259<\/strong><\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
5)\u00a0aa\u201br<\/span>\u00a0for US and\u00a0aa<\/span>\u00a0for UK in words using long-aa with dark-r. Like #3,\u00a0a\u201br<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0a\u0259<\/span>\u00a0are just improper pronunciation.\u00a0They represent accent mistakes.
\n[word] [US] and [UK]
\nbar,\u00a0baa\u201br<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0baa<\/span>
\ndark,\u00a0daa\u201brk<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0daak<\/span>
\nstar,\u00a0staa\u201br<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0staa<\/span>
\nfarm,\u00a0faa\u201br\u201bm<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0faa\u201bm<\/span>
\nbun,\u00a0ba\u201bn<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0ba\u201bn<\/span>
\nbus,\u00a0bas<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0bas<\/span>
\ntruck,\u00a0trak<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0trak<\/span>
\n* The short\u00a0a\u00a0in US pronunciation frequently reduces to\u00a0\u0259, as in\u00a0b\u0259s, \u00a0g\u0259\u201bn,\u00a0s\u0259\u201bn,\u00a0however this is not taught as \u201cstandard\u201d in the S4 Native English course series.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
6)\u00a0e\u201br<\/span>\u00a0for US and\u00a0ee\u00b7\u0259<\/span>\u00a0for UK in ANY words using\u00a0e<\/span>\u00a0with dark-r. Since\u00a0ee<\/span>\u00a0is a bit of a wildcard in S4, the usage is slightly different depending on the accent used.\u00a0ee\u201br<\/span>\u00a0represents a deep southern US accent, which is not standard. \/e\u0259\/ defaults to ee\u00b7\u0259<\/span>\u00a0for the UK accent.
\n[word] [US] and [UK]
\nhair,\u00a0he\u201br<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0hee\u00b7\u0259<\/span>
\nbear,\u00a0be\u201br<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0bee\u00b7\u0259<\/span>
\nClaire,\u00a0kle\u201br<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0klee\u00b7\u0259<\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
hand,\u00a0hee\u201bnd<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0h\u00e6\u201bnd<\/span><\/div>\n
man,\u00a0mee\u201bn<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0m\u00e6\u201bn<\/span>
\nplan,\u00a0plee\u201bn<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0pl\u00e6\u201bn<\/span>
\njam,\u00a0d\u0292ee\u201bm<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0d\u0292\u00e6\u201bm<\/span>
\nand,\u00a0ee\u201bnd<\/span>\u00a0and\u00a0\u00e6\u201bnd<\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u00a0*Many other reductions exist to maintain rhythm.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n

Using two dark consonants at the end of a word<\/h4>\n
Although\u00a0g\u201br\u201bl<\/span>\u00a0isn\u2019t the prettiest thing to look at, it is written correctly in the US accent. Words that end with two dark sounds are written this way to maintain the rule of dark consonants.\u00a0So, the word \u201cturn\u201d looks like\u00a0t\u201br\u201bn<\/span>\u00a0in US and\u00a0t\u0259\u0259\u201bn<\/span>\u00a0in UK. Unfortunately, a clear-n in\u00a0t\u201brn<\/span>\u00a0would suggest a different sound than what is actually being pronounced. Although\u00a0t\u201brn<\/span>\u00a0looks cleaner, it would cause someone who\u2019s following the rules to say something like \u201ct\u201brn\u0259<\/span>\u201c, which we want to avoid. Clear consonants generally need to be paired with vowels.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Other examples in the US accent:<\/div>\n
burn \u00a0b\u201br\u201bn<\/span><\/div>\n
learn\u00a0\u00a0l\u201br\u201bn<\/span><\/div>\n
perm \u00a0p\u201br\u201bm<\/span><\/div>\n
pearl\u00a0\u00a0p\u201br\u201bl<\/span><\/div>\n
curl \u00a0\u00a0k\u201br\u201bl<\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
Add schwa before converting dark sounds into clear sounds:<\/strong><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
\u201cAn apple a day\u201d in dictionary (UK) English would be pronounced<\/div>\n
\/\u00e6\u201bn\/ \/\u00e6p\u201bl\/ \/\u0259\/ \/dei\/<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
But, in a naturally spoken sentence it would be pronounced with liaison. \u00a0\u00a0\u00e6n-\u00e6<\/strong>p\u0259l-\u0259 dei<\/strong><\/span> \u00a0 \u00a0Notice how \u00e6\u201bn<\/span>\u00a0becomes\u00a0\u00e6n<\/span>\u00a0due to the liaison added to it. When this happens in S4 writing, you must convert the dark sound into a clear sound.\u00a0\u00e6n-\u00e6p\u201bl<\/span><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
The second situation adds schwa (\u0259) and convert a dark sound into a clear sound.\u00a0\u00e6p\u201bl<\/span>\u00a0becomes\u00a0\u00e6p\u0259l when saying\u00a0\u00e6p\u0259l-\u0259<\/span>.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
A few more examples:<\/div>\n
The\u00a0people in\u00a0my hometown.
\n\/\u00f0\u0259\/ \/piip\u201bl\/ \/i\u201bn\/ \/mai\/ \/hou\u201bmtau\u201bn\/
\n\u00f0\u0259 pii<\/strong>p\u0259l-i\u201bn mai hou\u201bm<\/strong>tau\u201bn<\/span>.<\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
a or \u0259? \u00a0u or \u0259?<\/strong><\/div>\n
<\/div>\n
These two sounds, a<\/span> and u<\/span>, can be confused with \u0259<\/span> quite often in the US accent. The IPA system suggests that \/\u0259\/ is never stressed, but in practice this is not 100% true.<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

This was written by Ben Piscopo, whose website can be found here. He speaks English with a standard American accent. Glottal Stops Standard glottal stops occur with a physical stopping\/blocking… <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":6,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","template":"","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/phonetics.livecodehosting.com\/wp2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/243"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/phonetics.livecodehosting.com\/wp2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/phonetics.livecodehosting.com\/wp2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phonetics.livecodehosting.com\/wp2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/phonetics.livecodehosting.com\/wp2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=243"}],"version-history":[{"count":8,"href":"https:\/\/phonetics.livecodehosting.com\/wp2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/243\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":350,"href":"https:\/\/phonetics.livecodehosting.com\/wp2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/243\/revisions\/350"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/phonetics.livecodehosting.com\/wp2\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=243"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}